In 1960s under the influence of functionalism,the focus in studies of anthropology was solely on the abstraction 'society', the individual actor had disappeared from the view.This view was criticized by many anthropologists and argued that social outcomes were obviously the result of individual choices.So the objective of actor centered approaches was to understand the social situations that individuals confronted in everyday life and how they chose to invest their limited resources of time,energy,wealth and influence.
The case in point was explained by the ethnographic account by Fredrik Barth a British trained Norwegian anthropologist who studied the Swat valley in Eastern Afghanistan in 1959.Petty Lords or Khan were constantly at war and the nominal king of Swat could not control them.There were noble lineages and clans but they fought among themselves as vigorously as with outsiders.Barth explains how the game of being a Khan was played.Each had personal followers who spent much of their time in his men's houses.He protected them from other khans who were liable to harass unprotected farmers by theft or abuse of their women.On the other hand the Khan had to exploit his own followers by taking a large part of their crops in order to have resources to run elaborate feasts and to impress other khans.Consequently a delicate balance had to be maintained between attracting and driving away followers.Another resource that a khan had at his disposal was a reputation for violence which gained both allies and followers.But the reputation had to be maintained and neighboring khans were always probing his defenses by making casual insults to his followers.If he was seen to back down he soon lost ground .But if he got involved in an all-out feud he might be so badly mauled as to be powerless against the next rival. Every follower was actually carefully calculating his own profits and losses and switching allegiances accordingly.
Peter Metcalf in ' Anthropology the Basics'
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